Use of RTCP statistics for estimating QoS of VoIP
Paul I am responding to the recent SG16 email that encouraged direct input from those not participating directly in the work of the Study Group. One particular recent issue relates to the recent addition of QoS reporting based on RTCP statistics. We have spent the last three years analyzing and modeling the effects of IP network impairments on VoIP and would like to share our experience on this issue. RTCP statistics were intended to provide a "rough" real time feedback between endpoints to give some sense of network quality and facilitate potential adaptation. IP network impairments are transient in nature and the "averaged" metrics that RFC1889 produces are as a result very misleading. The addition of QoS reporting based on RFC1889 metrics is, in our opinion, a backward step as it infers that these statistics are useful for VoIP quality estimation whereas they are in fact almost meaningless. (i) Packet Loss - counts RFC1889 counts of loss are not compensated for duplicate packets, hence it is possible to have incorrect and even negative (!!) loss counts. (ii) Packet Loss- distribution Voice quality is very sensitive to the distribution of packet loss - if 2% loss occurs but the losses are spread out evenly then with PLC quality would be affected only marginally, if 1% loss occurs but losses occur during short intervals (typically the case) then quality can be affected quite significantly. RFC1889 does not consider the distribution of lost packets and hence packet loss numbers can only grossly be equated to call quality (i.e. loss rate of 20% is bad but you couldn't say for sure if 2% was bad or not) (iii) Jitter - metric The average packet-to-packet delay variation used in RFC1889 does not properly reflect the effects of congestion related delay changes. For example (a) if congesion occurs and a queue starts to fill then delay increases however the packet-to-packet delay change may be small however the increase in delay may cause the jitter buffer to resynchronize at some stage. (b) LAN congestion can cause short term spikes in delay, and hence may lead to packet discards. The average packet-to-packet delay variation will not reflect this due to the smoothing effect of the averaging algorithm. (iv) Jitter - reporting interval As jitter is reported as a running average with a scaling factor of 16, an RTCP report only describes the jitter level during the 200mS or so prior to the report being generated and says nothing about the jitter level during the much larger period between reports. We have spoken to, and worked with, people in the industry that have been looking at this issue in detail and have found general agreement with the comments above. Unfortunately, there are also a fair number of people that blindly accept that something must be "ok" because it is "in a standard" .. this obviously raised the concern that incorporating these metrics into the H series of standards further proliferates this viewpoint. Within the IETF AVT group this issue was discussed almost a year ago, and the group agreed to develop a set of metrics that were more accurate and appropriate for VoIP QoS reporting purposes. These include measures of packet loss, packets discarded due to jitter, length and density of bursts and gaps (of combined loss and discard), delay, call quality metrics... This is contained in the following:- draft-ietf-avt-rtcp-report-extns-01.txt I would very much appreciate understanding the technical rationale behind incorporating RFC1889 based metrics into VoIP QoS reports, given the comments above. Regards Alan Clark Telchemy
Alan- Mike Buckley brought up the same questions you raise at the last SG16 meeting. I don't believe anyone objects to your arguments, and, in fact, the resulting work, H.460.9, was modified to permit extension to other measures and the exclusion of the current, IETF-standardized, measures. Once the IETF draft you reference becomes a standard, it will be easy to refer to the resulting RFC and to incorporate the resulting measures as appropriate. In the meantime, you have the option to use the existing measures and, through the definition of non-standard elements, any other measures you wish to implement on a permanent or trial basis. It seemed better to set the framework now, so that implementation and use can begin, and to do so in such a way that future improvements may be incorporated quickly and easily. Does this make sense? -Bob ---------------------------------------------------- Bob Gilman rrg@avaya.com +1 303 538 3868 Alan Clark wrote:
Paul
I am responding to the recent SG16 email that encouraged direct input from those not participating directly in the work of the Study Group.
One particular recent issue relates to the recent addition of QoS reporting based on RTCP statistics. We have spent the last three years analyzing and modeling the effects of IP network impairments on VoIP and would like to share our experience on this issue.
RTCP statistics were intended to provide a "rough" real time feedback between endpoints to give some sense of network quality and facilitate potential adaptation. IP network impairments are transient in nature and the "averaged" metrics that RFC1889 produces are as a result very misleading. The addition of QoS reporting based on RFC1889 metrics is, in our opinion, a backward step as it infers that these statistics are useful for VoIP quality estimation whereas they are in fact almost meaningless.
(i) Packet Loss - counts RFC1889 counts of loss are not compensated for duplicate packets, hence it is possible to have incorrect and even negative (!!) loss counts.
(ii) Packet Loss- distribution Voice quality is very sensitive to the distribution of packet loss - if 2% loss occurs but the losses are spread out evenly then with PLC quality would be affected only marginally, if 1% loss occurs but losses occur during short intervals (typically the case) then quality can be affected quite significantly. RFC1889 does not consider the distribution of lost packets and hence packet loss numbers can only grossly be equated to call quality (i.e. loss rate of 20% is bad but you couldn't say for sure if 2% was bad or not)
(iii) Jitter - metric The average packet-to-packet delay variation used in RFC1889 does not properly reflect the effects of congestion related delay changes. For example (a) if congesion occurs and a queue starts to fill then delay increases however the packet-to-packet delay change may be small however the increase in delay may cause the jitter buffer to resynchronize at some stage. (b) LAN congestion can cause short term spikes in delay, and hence may lead to packet discards. The average packet-to-packet delay variation will not reflect this due to the smoothing effect of the averaging algorithm.
(iv) Jitter - reporting interval As jitter is reported as a running average with a scaling factor of 16, an RTCP report only describes the jitter level during the 200mS or so prior to the report being generated and says nothing about the jitter level during the much larger period between reports.
We have spoken to, and worked with, people in the industry that have been looking at this issue in detail and have found general agreement with the comments above. Unfortunately, there are also a fair number of people that blindly accept that something must be "ok" because it is "in a standard" .. this obviously raised the concern that incorporating these metrics into the H series of standards further proliferates this viewpoint.
Within the IETF AVT group this issue was discussed almost a year ago, and the group agreed to develop a set of metrics that were more accurate and appropriate for VoIP QoS reporting purposes. These include measures of packet loss, packets discarded due to jitter, length and density of bursts and gaps (of combined loss and discard), delay, call quality metrics... This is contained in the following:-
draft-ietf-avt-rtcp-report-extns-01.txt
I would very much appreciate understanding the technical rationale behind incorporating RFC1889 based metrics into VoIP QoS reports, given the comments above.
Regards
Alan Clark Telchemy
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Bob I appreciate that a mechanism was provided to permit extension of H.460.9 and that it was agreed to incorporate the RTCP Extensions, once standardized. This does make a lot of sense and would definitely accomodate the new metrics when available. The reason behind my email yesterday was that we often find that equipment manufacturers, service providers and network managers don't understand this area as well as those who are actively conducting R&D in this area, and hence in this case they may assume that RFC1889 metrics are "good" for monitoring VoIP QoS since they are contained in H.460.9. This is already a continual re-education process with the metrics in RFC1889 .. their inclusion in H.460.9 will make the task even more difficult. People within the industry have great respect for the ITU, understand that there is an extensive process of technical discussion and review that is part of the process of developing ITU standards, and hence place considerable faith in the technical content of ITU Recommendations. In this specific case H.460.9 contains metrics which are known to be inadequate for the purpose of measuring VoIP QoS and hence there is a risk of deployment of an incorrect or inappropriate element due to its incorporation in an ITU Recommendation. I am not trying to be "difficult" but tried to input essentially the same viewpoints prior to the SG16 meeting and am genuinely concerned over the outcome. Regards Alan Clark -----Original Message----- From: Mailing list for parties associated with ITU-T Study Group 16 [mailto:ITU-SG16@echo.jf.INTEL.COM]On Behalf Of Robert R. Gilman Sent: Wednesday, November 06, 2002 8:13 PM To: ITU-SG16@echo.jf.INTEL.COM Subject: Re: Use of RTCP statistics for estimating QoS of VoIP Alan- Mike Buckley brought up the same questions you raise at the last SG16 meeting. I don't believe anyone objects to your arguments, and, in fact, the resulting work, H.460.9, was modified to permit extension to other measures and the exclusion of the current, IETF-standardized, measures. Once the IETF draft you reference becomes a standard, it will be easy to refer to the resulting RFC and to incorporate the resulting measures as appropriate. In the meantime, you have the option to use the existing measures and, through the definition of non-standard elements, any other measures you wish to implement on a permanent or trial basis. It seemed better to set the framework now, so that implementation and use can begin, and to do so in such a way that future improvements may be incorporated quickly and easily. Does this make sense? -Bob ---------------------------------------------------- Bob Gilman rrg@avaya.com +1 303 538 3868 Alan Clark wrote:
Paul
I am responding to the recent SG16 email that encouraged direct input from those not participating directly in the work of the Study Group.
One particular recent issue relates to the recent addition of QoS
based on RTCP statistics. We have spent the last three years analyzing and modeling the effects of IP network impairments on VoIP and would like to share our experience on this issue.
RTCP statistics were intended to provide a "rough" real time feedback between endpoints to give some sense of network quality and facilitate potential adaptation. IP network impairments are transient in nature and the "averaged" metrics that RFC1889 produces are as a result very misleading. The addition of QoS reporting based on RFC1889 metrics is, in our opinion, a backward step as it infers that these statistics are useful for VoIP quality estimation whereas they are in fact almost meaningless.
(i) Packet Loss - counts RFC1889 counts of loss are not compensated for duplicate packets, hence it is possible to have incorrect and even negative (!!) loss counts.
(ii) Packet Loss- distribution Voice quality is very sensitive to the distribution of packet loss - if 2% loss occurs but the losses are spread out evenly then with PLC quality would be affected only marginally, if 1% loss occurs but losses occur during short intervals (typically the case) then quality can be affected quite significantly. RFC1889 does not consider the distribution of lost packets and hence
loss numbers can only grossly be equated to call quality (i.e. loss rate of 20% is bad but you couldn't say for sure if 2% was bad or not)
(iii) Jitter - metric The average packet-to-packet delay variation used in RFC1889 does not properly reflect the effects of congestion related delay changes. For example (a) if congesion occurs and a queue starts to fill then delay increases however the packet-to-packet delay change may be small however the increase in delay may cause the jitter buffer to resynchronize at some stage. (b) LAN congestion can cause short term spikes in delay, and hence may lead to packet discards. The average packet-to-packet delay variation will not reflect this due to the smoothing effect of the averaging algorithm.
(iv) Jitter - reporting interval As jitter is reported as a running average with a scaling factor of 16, an RTCP report only describes the jitter level during the 200mS or so prior to the report being generated and says nothing about the jitter level during the much larger period between reports.
We have spoken to, and worked with, people in the industry that have been looking at this issue in detail and have found general agreement with the comments above. Unfortunately, there are also a fair number of people
blindly accept that something must be "ok" because it is "in a standard" .. this obviously raised the concern that incorporating these metrics into
reporting packet that the
H series of standards further proliferates this viewpoint.
Within the IETF AVT group this issue was discussed almost a year ago, and the group agreed to develop a set of metrics that were more accurate and appropriate for VoIP QoS reporting purposes. These include measures of packet loss, packets discarded due to jitter, length and density of bursts and gaps (of combined loss and discard), delay, call quality metrics... This is contained in the following:-
draft-ietf-avt-rtcp-report-extns-01.txt
I would very much appreciate understanding the technical rationale behind incorporating RFC1889 based metrics into VoIP QoS reports, given the comments above.
Regards
Alan Clark Telchemy
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Alan, This document (now H.460.9) first appeared about a year ago. After the author presented the paper, it was agreed without debate to create a new work item for it. At this last meeting, the author presented the paper, as scheduled, for approval. During interim meetings, there were no contributions against the document, which is the accepted procedure for raising technical issues and trying to make changes to progressing work items. During the last meeting, Mike Buckley did express concern over this document. I think Mr. Buckley's concerns were all valid and he pointed us to this Internet Draft. However, I had a decision to make: to hold progress on this document until the IETF produces an RFC or to allow the document to go forward as scheduled and as desired by the contributor. Given that this contributing company had made the document available about a year ago and received no formal contributions against it, it really was not my place to hold up progress at the last moment. While I certainly had the wherewithal to put the document on hold, I just didn't think that is the right thing to do and it certainly was not the desire of the contributor. With that said, though, we did make changes at the meeting to the document to prepare for this forthcoming RFC. It was agreed that we will create either an Annex or Amendment to add the necessary fields to the existing data structures so that the additional information can be reported once the RFC is available. Unfortunately, Mr. Buckley was not available during the second week at the meeting to discuss some of those decisions. Even some of my communication with him via e-mail was unsuccessful due to bounced messages. We hoped that the decisions we made would be acceptable to him. While I definitely value the input he provides and I hold his opinions in high regard, I felt like it was better to publish this document now with the aforementioned changes and plans, so as to meet the wishes of the contributor and try to address the concerns of Mr. Buckley at the same time. After all, there was no guarantee that the RFC would be published between now and the next SG16 meeting in May 2003 and we certainly cannot wait indefinitely on the IETF to complete work. Paul ----- Original Message ----- From: "Alan Clark" <alan@telchemy.com> To: <paulej@packetizer.com> Cc: <ITU-SG16@echo.jf.INTEL.COM> Sent: Wednesday, November 06, 2002 10:49 AM Subject: Use of RTCP statistics for estimating QoS of VoIP
Paul
I am responding to the recent SG16 email that encouraged direct input from those not participating directly in the work of the Study Group.
One particular recent issue relates to the recent addition of QoS
based on RTCP statistics. We have spent the last three years analyzing and modeling the effects of IP network impairments on VoIP and would like to share our experience on this issue.
RTCP statistics were intended to provide a "rough" real time feedback between endpoints to give some sense of network quality and facilitate potential adaptation. IP network impairments are transient in nature and the "averaged" metrics that RFC1889 produces are as a result very misleading. The addition of QoS reporting based on RFC1889 metrics is, in our opinion, a backward step as it infers that these statistics are useful for VoIP quality estimation whereas they are in fact almost meaningless.
(i) Packet Loss - counts RFC1889 counts of loss are not compensated for duplicate packets, hence it is possible to have incorrect and even negative (!!) loss counts.
(ii) Packet Loss- distribution Voice quality is very sensitive to the distribution of packet loss - if 2% loss occurs but the losses are spread out evenly then with PLC quality would be affected only marginally, if 1% loss occurs but losses occur during short intervals (typically the case) then quality can be affected quite significantly. RFC1889 does not consider the distribution of lost packets and hence
loss numbers can only grossly be equated to call quality (i.e. loss rate of 20% is bad but you couldn't say for sure if 2% was bad or not)
(iii) Jitter - metric The average packet-to-packet delay variation used in RFC1889 does not properly reflect the effects of congestion related delay changes. For example (a) if congesion occurs and a queue starts to fill then delay increases however the packet-to-packet delay change may be small however the increase in delay may cause the jitter buffer to resynchronize at some stage. (b) LAN congestion can cause short term spikes in delay, and hence may lead to packet discards. The average packet-to-packet delay variation will not reflect this due to the smoothing effect of the averaging algorithm.
(iv) Jitter - reporting interval As jitter is reported as a running average with a scaling factor of 16, an RTCP report only describes the jitter level during the 200mS or so prior to the report being generated and says nothing about the jitter level during the much larger period between reports.
We have spoken to, and worked with, people in the industry that have been looking at this issue in detail and have found general agreement with the comments above. Unfortunately, there are also a fair number of people
blindly accept that something must be "ok" because it is "in a standard" .. this obviously raised the concern that incorporating these metrics into
reporting packet that the
H series of standards further proliferates this viewpoint.
Within the IETF AVT group this issue was discussed almost a year ago, and the group agreed to develop a set of metrics that were more accurate and appropriate for VoIP QoS reporting purposes. These include measures of packet loss, packets discarded due to jitter, length and density of bursts and gaps (of combined loss and discard), delay, call quality metrics... This is contained in the following:-
draft-ietf-avt-rtcp-report-extns-01.txt
I would very much appreciate understanding the technical rationale behind incorporating RFC1889 based metrics into VoIP QoS reports, given the comments above.
Regards
Alan Clark Telchemy
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Paul, I have no doubt that the proper procedures were followed and am not questioning that aspect. I was active in one of SG16's predecessor committees for ten years and at various times an editor and rapporteur, and hence am sympathetic to the need to be fair, reasonable and "procedural". I communicated directly with Ernst Horvath on this issue on 20th September, sent a message and copy of the IETF draft to the SG16 reflector on 8th October and relayed comments via Mike Buckley. Unfortunately, whilst we are Associate ITU members we directly participate in SG12 and not SG16 and are hence not able to make formal contributions - we were hoping that the technical merit of our arguments would have some impact on the discussion within the Rapporteur's group. We have been studying the nature and source of IP network impairments and their effects on the performance of VoIP for over three years - basically that is all we do :-). We have done extensive analysis of the full range of G series CODECS, the various GSM codecs and a number of proprietary algorithms under a range of packet loss conditions. We've measured and modeled the behavior of fixed and adaptive jitter buffers of various types. We built a VoIP service modeling environment using NS2 with MMPP traffic models and used this for analyzing the precise behavior of individual calls under known traffic conditions or network faults. We have analyzed RTP traces from a wide variety of sources..... Our algorithms are in use by a number of major service providers - due in part to the way in which we view IP network behavior as time varying/ transient/ bursty and hence produce metrics in a way that reflects this. The result of this extensive research activity is (I hope) that we have a deep technical understanding coupled with field experience on the merits of different approaches. We have also discussed this topic with others working in the field - in both industry and academic research groups - and find that our observations match very well with those of other groups that have studies this issue deeply. As we discuss the issue of VoIP service quality monitoring with equipment vendors, enterprise network managers and service providers we often get asked the question "why aren't RTCP statistics good enough" and also see products on the market that use RTCP statistics to estimate VoIP service quality (and even try to estimate discard rates from jitter buffers!!). Obviously, from my comments on RFC1889 yesterday, we think that RTCP statistics are only adequate at a gross level - i.e. if average packet loss is 30% call quality must be bad but you could not determine if a call with an average loss rate of 2% was better or worse than one of 3%. I am sure that if anyone else were in our position then they would similarly feel very concerned at the idea that it was acceptable to incorporate the RFC1889 metrics into a new ITU Recommendation that was positioned as a VoIP QoS monitoring standard. Many manufacturers and service providers do not have the technical expertize to evaluate the merits and detailed content of international standards, particularly in a complex area such as this, and tend to assume that the content is ok "because it is in a standard". This would naturally tend to proliferate the use of these metrics as an acceptable approach - even though we know that they are inadequate. I hasten to add that I am not criticizing you, the Rapporteur's Group, the SG16 management or the ITU .. this (in my opinion) happens to be one of the complex issues in which what appears to be the correct and proper course of action can lead to a problematic result. Regards Alan Clark -----Original Message----- From: Paul E. Jones [mailto:paulej@packetizer.com] Sent: Thursday, November 07, 2002 1:05 AM To: alan@telchemy.com Cc: ITU-SG16@echo.jf.INTEL.COM Subject: Re: Use of RTCP statistics for estimating QoS of VoIP Alan, This document (now H.460.9) first appeared about a year ago. After the author presented the paper, it was agreed without debate to create a new work item for it. At this last meeting, the author presented the paper, as scheduled, for approval. During interim meetings, there were no contributions against the document, which is the accepted procedure for raising technical issues and trying to make changes to progressing work items. During the last meeting, Mike Buckley did express concern over this document. I think Mr. Buckley's concerns were all valid and he pointed us to this Internet Draft. However, I had a decision to make: to hold progress on this document until the IETF produces an RFC or to allow the document to go forward as scheduled and as desired by the contributor. Given that this contributing company had made the document available about a year ago and received no formal contributions against it, it really was not my place to hold up progress at the last moment. While I certainly had the wherewithal to put the document on hold, I just didn't think that is the right thing to do and it certainly was not the desire of the contributor. With that said, though, we did make changes at the meeting to the document to prepare for this forthcoming RFC. It was agreed that we will create either an Annex or Amendment to add the necessary fields to the existing data structures so that the additional information can be reported once the RFC is available. Unfortunately, Mr. Buckley was not available during the second week at the meeting to discuss some of those decisions. Even some of my communication with him via e-mail was unsuccessful due to bounced messages. We hoped that the decisions we made would be acceptable to him. While I definitely value the input he provides and I hold his opinions in high regard, I felt like it was better to publish this document now with the aforementioned changes and plans, so as to meet the wishes of the contributor and try to address the concerns of Mr. Buckley at the same time. After all, there was no guarantee that the RFC would be published between now and the next SG16 meeting in May 2003 and we certainly cannot wait indefinitely on the IETF to complete work. Paul ----- Original Message ----- From: "Alan Clark" <alan@telchemy.com> To: <paulej@packetizer.com> Cc: <ITU-SG16@echo.jf.INTEL.COM> Sent: Wednesday, November 06, 2002 10:49 AM Subject: Use of RTCP statistics for estimating QoS of VoIP
Paul
I am responding to the recent SG16 email that encouraged direct input from those not participating directly in the work of the Study Group.
One particular recent issue relates to the recent addition of QoS
based on RTCP statistics. We have spent the last three years analyzing and modeling the effects of IP network impairments on VoIP and would like to share our experience on this issue.
RTCP statistics were intended to provide a "rough" real time feedback between endpoints to give some sense of network quality and facilitate potential adaptation. IP network impairments are transient in nature and the "averaged" metrics that RFC1889 produces are as a result very misleading. The addition of QoS reporting based on RFC1889 metrics is, in our opinion, a backward step as it infers that these statistics are useful for VoIP quality estimation whereas they are in fact almost meaningless.
(i) Packet Loss - counts RFC1889 counts of loss are not compensated for duplicate packets, hence it is possible to have incorrect and even negative (!!) loss counts.
(ii) Packet Loss- distribution Voice quality is very sensitive to the distribution of packet loss - if 2% loss occurs but the losses are spread out evenly then with PLC quality would be affected only marginally, if 1% loss occurs but losses occur during short intervals (typically the case) then quality can be affected quite significantly. RFC1889 does not consider the distribution of lost packets and hence
loss numbers can only grossly be equated to call quality (i.e. loss rate of 20% is bad but you couldn't say for sure if 2% was bad or not)
(iii) Jitter - metric The average packet-to-packet delay variation used in RFC1889 does not properly reflect the effects of congestion related delay changes. For example (a) if congesion occurs and a queue starts to fill then delay increases however the packet-to-packet delay change may be small however the increase in delay may cause the jitter buffer to resynchronize at some stage. (b) LAN congestion can cause short term spikes in delay, and hence may lead to packet discards. The average packet-to-packet delay variation will not reflect this due to the smoothing effect of the averaging algorithm.
(iv) Jitter - reporting interval As jitter is reported as a running average with a scaling factor of 16, an RTCP report only describes the jitter level during the 200mS or so prior to the report being generated and says nothing about the jitter level during the much larger period between reports.
We have spoken to, and worked with, people in the industry that have been looking at this issue in detail and have found general agreement with the comments above. Unfortunately, there are also a fair number of people
blindly accept that something must be "ok" because it is "in a standard" .. this obviously raised the concern that incorporating these metrics into
reporting packet that the
H series of standards further proliferates this viewpoint.
Within the IETF AVT group this issue was discussed almost a year ago, and the group agreed to develop a set of metrics that were more accurate and appropriate for VoIP QoS reporting purposes. These include measures of packet loss, packets discarded due to jitter, length and density of bursts and gaps (of combined loss and discard), delay, call quality metrics... This is contained in the following:-
draft-ietf-avt-rtcp-report-extns-01.txt
I would very much appreciate understanding the technical rationale behind incorporating RFC1889 based metrics into VoIP QoS reports, given the comments above.
Regards
Alan Clark Telchemy
participants (4)
-
Alan Clark -
Alan Clark
-
Paul E. Jones -
Robert R. Gilman